Resumen: Introducción: En un contexto generalizado de violencias contra las mujeres, desde hace 15 años se ha mantenido una tendencia exponencial de homicidios en dicho sector poblacional en México. Metodología: Este estudio se llevó a cabo para identificar la magnitud y características de mujeres víctimas de homicidio, agente causal, día, hora y lugar donde ocurrió la agresión, no la muerte; así como comparar, por vecindario y municipio, la distribución espacial de 141 homicidios en el Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara (AMG) durante los años 2013 y 2018. Resultados: Con base en estos años, se identificó que la tasa de mortalidad aumentó de 2.29 (2013) a 3.48 (2018) homicidios por 100 mil mujeres en el AMG; este fue mayor en los municipios Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (2013) y San Pedro Tlaquepaque (2018). Para ambos años se identificaron dos vecindarios, localizados al sur del AMG, donde ocurrieron, en promedio, más víctimas de homicidio, principalmente en fin de semana, entre las 16 y 02 horas, y con armas de fuego. Además, la vivienda representó el lugar donde se cometió la mayoría de las agresiones fatales contra mujeres, cuya edad osciló entre 30 y 44 años (35.2 % en 2013 y 43.1 % en 2018). Conclusiones: Más allá del aumento de la magnitud de homicidios de mujeres, las estrategias para erradicar violencias, que generalmente anteceden la agresión, continúan sin funcionar adecuadamente; ni si quiera para evitar que las víctimas sean asesinadas en el lugar que históricamente ha sido el de mayor riesgo, es decir, la vivienda.

Abstract Introduction: In a general context of violence against women, an exponential trend in homicides in this population sector in Mexico has been maintained for 15 years. Methods: This study was carried out to identify the magnitude and characteristics of female homicide victims, causal agent, day, time and place where the aggression occurred, not death; as well as compare, by neighborhood and municipality, the spatial distribution of 141 homicides in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG) during 2013 and 2018. Results: Based on these years, it was identified that the mortality rate increased from 2.29 (2013) to 3.48 (2018) homicides per 100 thousand women in the MAG; this was higher in Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (2013) and San Pedro Tlaquepaque (2018) municipalities. For both analyzed years, two neighborhoods were identified, located south of the MAG, where,on average, more homicide victims occurred, mainly on weekends, between 4 pm and 2 pm, and with firearms. In addition, the house represented the place where most of the fatal aggressions against women were committed, whose age ranged from 30 to 44 years (35.2 % in 2013 and 43.1 % in 2018). Conclusion: Beyond the increase in the magnitude of female homicide victims, the strategies to eradicate violence, which generally precede the aggression, continue to not function properly; not even to prevent victims from being killed in the place that historically has been the most at risk, that is, living place.

Abstract. Homicide mortality in Mexico is still a priority public-health issue. In 2012, it was one of the most frequent causes of death in men aged 15-44 years. Some Mexican States, including the State of Jalisco, show homicide mortality rates significantly higher than others; 48% of the homicides recorded in the country during the period 1990-2017 were committed in Jalisco. Important local-level differences have also been documented within the State; up to 50% of the homicides reported by official sources are usually perpetrated in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Zone (AMG, for its acronym in Spanish). The importance of gathering evidence based on spatially referenced data to address this issue is being increasingly recognized, not only to evaluate homicide mortality, but also to identify population groups at risk and high-priority areas, examine epidemiological behavior, and identifying spatial or temporal trends. Public health and healthcare geography provide various analytical tools that can be useful for supporting decision-making to better focus interventions aimed at reducing and preventing homicide mortality. The objectives of this study were to estimate the magnitude and identify the spatial distribution and trends of homicides perpetrated in the years 2013 and 2018 in the AMG, comparing the results at municipal and neighborhood levels. There are two official sources of homicide statistics in Mexico: the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (National Institute of Statistics and Geography; INEGI, for its acronym in Spanish), and the Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System; SESNSP). However, both provide data aggregated at State or municipal levels only. To overcome this limitation, INEGI statistics were supplemented with local newspaper reports to derive the following information for homicides in the AMG in 2013 (n = 465) and 2018 (n = 988): date, address, neighborhood, and municipality where each homicide was perpetrated. These data allowed examining the geographic distribution of homicides across the 1,710 neighborhoods in the six AMG municipalities (Guadalajara, Zapopan, San Pedro Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga). Geostatistical techniques were used to analyze the distribution and spatial trend of homicide incidence from the point location data. The frequency of homicides by neighborhood and municipality were also calculated to estimate and map homicide rates (number per 100,000 inhabitants) for comparison vs. the aggregated data reported by INEGI for the two years studied. According to the two official data sources, homicide mortality increased from 2013 to 2018 in most of the AMG, except for the municipality of Zapopan; the increase was particularly high in the municipalities of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga and San Pedro Tlaquepaque, where the homicide rate increased from 20.3 to 50.7 and 4.6 to 18.8 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The geographic analysis of point-location data showed a high concentration of homicides in low-, medium-, and high-marginalization areas of the north and southwest parts of the municipality of Zapopan (29.2% of the homicides reported in 2013), as well as in the center and northeast parts of Guadalajara (14%). By contrast, the zones with high concentration of homicides in 2018 (25.4%) shifted towards the low-marginalization neighborhoods located on the northeast, central, and south parts of Guadalajara, in the limits between the municipalities of Tonalá and San Pedro Tlaquepaque. The homicides perpetrated in 2013 were distributed in 16.8% of the neighborhoods that make up the AMG, whereas those perpetrated in 2018 took place in 24.4% of the neighborhoods. Mortality rates in 2013 ranged from 4 (at the low-marginalization Miramar neighborhood, Zapopan) to 223.3 (at the low-marginalization Revolucionaria neighborhood, Guadalajara) homicides per 100,000 inhabitants; and from 3.8 (in the very high-marginalization Santa Cruz de Las Flores neighborhood, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga) to 2,006 (in the very high-marginalization Toluquilla neighborhood, San Pedro Tlaquepaque) homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in 2018. Despite of having used different sources and territorial scales for the geographic analysis, we were able to identify consistent patterns in the increase in homicide mortality from 2013 to 2018 in the AMG. These results provide valuable information for guiding strategies and available resources to target priority areas where the magnitude, distribution, and spatial trends observed at neighborhood and municipality levels indicate a high incidence of homicides and, thus, reduce the risks facing the population (54%) in the AMG neighborhoods recording high homicide rates.

Resumen. Los homicidios son un problema prioritario de seguridad pública en México dada la magnitud e impacto que los caracteriza; sin embargo, rara vez se estudian las causa de muerte y los hechos violentos desde una perspectiva geográfica y de salud pública. A partir de fuentes secundarias se llevó a cabo un análisis comparativo de homicidios ocurridos en 2013 y 2018 por colonias y municipios del Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara (AMG), Jalisco. Los homicidios fueron georreferenciados considerando el lugar donde ocurrió la agresión y analizados mediante medidas de tendencia central y dispersión con el objetivo de determinar la magnitud, distribución y tendencia espacial. Como resultado, la cantidad de homicidios ocurridos en el AMG aumentó de 2013 (n= 465) a 2018 (n= 988), salvo en el municipio de Zapopan. En 2018 la tasa de homicidios osciló entre 6.2 (Tonalá) y 50.7 por cada 100 mil habitantes (Tlajomulco de Zúñiga), un incremento hasta 4 veces mayor respecto al 2013. Además, el total de homicidios se concentró en el 16% (2013) y 24% (2018) de las colonias que integran el AMG, caracterizadas por ser en su mayoría de baja y muy baja marginación, lo que implicó un desplazamiento del noroeste-sureste hacia el norte-sur, respectivamente. Los resultados contribuyeron a identificar la magnitud y tendencia espacial de los homicidios asociadas a colonias de mayor riesgo, por lo que se trata de zonas donde se requiere redirigir y mejorar las políticas públicas para modificar los factores de riesgo, las actividades o comportamientos ilícitos que, generalmente, preceden a la ocurrencia de los homicidios.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of aggressive adolescents in public secondary schools in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico, and to analyze the factors that dissuade or encourage aggressive behavior. Data was obtained from a questionnaire that was self-applied by 1,706 adolescents, and then analyzed by means of the theory of social learning. The determined prevalence was 8.2%, with predominance in males' aggressive behavior. Through multivariate analysis, eight variables were identified as having a highly meaningful statistical association with the dependent variable. The dissuasive factors were excluded from the final model, yet psychotic traits and factors of interaction reinforce or maintain antisocial behaviors. A relevant increase of risk was observed because of encouragement among friends and threats involving weapons.

Resumen: El propósito del presente estudio fue identificar la prevalencia de adolescentes agresores en escuelas secundarias generales públicas de la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara, México, y analizar los factores que disuaden o alientan el comportamiento agresor. Los datos obtenidos mediante un cuestionario autoaplicado a mil 706 adolescentes, se analizaron bajo el sustento teórico del aprendizaje social. La prevalencia encontrada fue de 8.2% con predominio en la conducta agresora masculina. Mediante una análisis multivariado se identificaron ocho variables que tuvieron una asociación estadísticamente significativa con la variable dependiente; mientras que los factores disuasorios se excluyeron del modelo final, permanecieron el presentar rasgos de psicoticismo y factores de interacción entre compañeros que refuerzan o mantienen comportamientos antisociales, fue relevante el incremento de riesgo debido al aliento de amigos y las amenazas con armas.

This study seeks to describe how violence and its link to public health is represented in the written press of Guadalajara, Mexico. To this end, we carried out a mixed-content analysis of news pieces on violence published in the local sections of the four newspapers with greatest circulation in Guadalajara from the period of September 1 to 15, 2013. A total of 1,465 local news stories were reviewed, of which 399 were identified as being about violence. Of these, only 103 included healthcare aspects in their contents, generally making reference to medical services. The contents of these press articles did not identify violence as a critical public health issue, but rather as a safety issue affecting the community.

Esta investigación busca describir cómo la prensa escrita de Guadalajara, México, representa la violencia y su vinculación con la salud pública. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de contenido mixto de las noticias de violencia publicadas en las secciones locales de los cuatro periódicos de mayor circulación de Guadalajara durante el periodo del 1 al 15 de septiembre de 2013. Se revisaron 1.465 notas locales, en las que se identificaron 399 noticias de violencia, de las cuales solo 103 mencionaban aspectos sanitarios en sus contenidos, en su mayoría referentes a los servicios médicos. En sus contenidos, la prensa no identificó la violencia como un problema de salud prioritario, sino como un asunto de inseguridad que afecta a la comunidad.

This study seeks to describe how violence and its link to public health is represented in the written press of Guadalajara, Mexico. To this end, we carried out a mixed-content analysis of news pieces on violence published in the local sections of the four newspapers with greatest circulation in Guadalajara from the period of September 1 to 15, 2013. A total of 1,465 local news stories were reviewed, of which 399 were identified as being about violence. Of these, only 103 included healthcare aspects in their contents, generally making reference to medical services. The contents of these press articles did not identify violence as a critical public health issue, but rather as a safety issue affecting the community.

Esta investigación busca describir cómo la prensa escrita de Guadalajara, México, representa la violencia y su vinculación con la salud pública. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de contenido mixto de las noticias de violencia publicadas en las secciones locales de los cuatro periódicos de mayor circulación de Guadalajara durante el periodo del 1 al 15 de septiembre de 2013. Se revisaron 1.465 notas locales, en las que se identificaron 399 noticias de violencia, de las cuales solo 103 mencionaban aspectos sanitarios en sus contenidos, en su mayoría referentes a los servicios médicos. En sus contenidos, la prensa no identificó la violencia como un problema de salud prioritario, sino como un asunto de inseguridad que afecta a la comunidad.

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental care for pregnant women in Cali, Colombia, and to identify socioeconomic and health services factors associated with access to dental care during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 993 postpartum women who had given birth in public and private clinics in 2012. Multivariate analysis showed that dental care was associated with: economic resources (86.6% sufficient resources versus 72.5% insufficient resources; OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-2.8), schooling (88% complete versus 74% incomplete secondary school, OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-2.7), and receiving information on oral health and dental care during prenatal care (86.4%: yes versus 42.9%: no, OR = 5.7; 95%CI: 3.1-10.0). Access to dental care was less frequent among pregnant women with low socioeconomic status as compared to those with better living conditions.

Con el fin de conocer la prevalencia de la asistencia a la consulta dental de las gestantes atendidas en Cali-Colombia, e identificar factores socioeconómicos y de los servicios de salud asociados con la accesibilidad a la atención odontológica durante el embarazo, se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, en el que se entrevistaron 993 madres en puerperio inmediato que habían sido atendidas en clínicas pública y privadas durante el año 2012. El análisis multivariado de las variables relacionadas con las asistencia a odontología encontró asociación con los recursos económicos (86,6% suficiencia versus 72,5% insuficiencia, OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-2,8), nivel de instrucción (88% secundaria completa versus 74% incompleta, OR = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,7), información dada en el control prenatal sobre salud oral y la visita dental (86,4% si versus 42,9% no, OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,1-10,0). Se evidencia un acceso diferencial entre las gestantes con bajo nivel socioeconómico, quienes asistieron en menor proporción que las gestantes con mejores condiciones de vida.

A fim de determinar a prevalência de atendimento odontológico de gestantes em Cali, Colômbia e identificar fatores socioeconômicos e de serviços de saúde associados com o acesso à atenção odontológico durante a gestação, um estudo transversal foi realizado, no qual foram estudadas 993 mães no pós-parto imediato, que tinham sido tratadas em clínicas públicas e privadas em 2012. Oitenta e três por cento (IC95%: 80,6-85,4) das mães visitaram o dentista na gravidez. A análise multivariada das variáveis relacionadas ao atendimento odontológico na gestação encontrou associação com os recursos econômicos (86,6% suficiência versus 72,5% insuficiência, OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-2,8), o nível de instrução (88% secundário completo versus 74% secundário incompleto, OR = 1,7 IC95%: 1,1-2,7), a informação brindada na área da saúde oral durante o controle pré-natal e visita ao dentista (86,4% sim versus 42,9% não, OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,1-10,8). Estes resultados mostram um acesso diferenciado à atenção odontológica entre as gestantes, como aqueles com baixo nível socioeconômico usaram os serviços odontológicos numa menor proporção.

A fim de determinar a prevalência de atendimento odontológico de gestantes em Cali, Colômbia e identificar fatores socioeconômicos e de serviços de saúde associados com o acesso à atenção odontológico durante a gestação, um estudo transversal foi realizado, no qual foram estudadas 993 mães no pós-parto imediato, que tinham sido tratadas em clínicas públicas e privadas em 2012. Oitenta e três por cento (IC95%: 80,6-85,4) das mães visitaram o dentista na gravidez. A análise multivariada das variáveis relacionadas ao atendimento odontológico na gestação encontrou associação com os recursos econômicos (86,6% suficiência versus 72,5% insuficiência, OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-2,8), o nível de instrução (88% secundário completo versus 74% secundário incompleto, OR = 1,7 IC95%: 1,1-2,7), a informação brindada na área da saúde oral durante o controle pré-natal e visita ao dentista (86,4% sim versus 42,9% não, OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,1-10,8). Estes resultados mostram um acesso diferenciado à atenção odontológica entre as gestantes, como aqueles com baixo nível socioeconômico usaram os serviços odontológicos numa menor proporção.

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental care for pregnant women in Cali, Colombia, and to identify socioeconomic and health services factors associated with access to dental care during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 993 postpartum women who had given birth in public and private clinics in 2012. Multivariate analysis showed that dental care was associated with: economic resources (86.6% sufficient resources versus 72.5% insufficient resources; OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-2.8), schooling (88% complete versus 74% incomplete secondary school, OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-2.7), and receiving information on oral health and dental care during prenatal care (86.4%: yes versus 42.9%: no, OR = 5.7; 95%CI: 3.1-10.0). Access to dental care was less frequent among pregnant women with low socioeconomic status as compared to those with better living conditions.

Con el fin de conocer la prevalencia de la asistencia a la consulta dental de las gestantes atendidas en Cali-Colombia, e identificar factores socioeconómicos y de los servicios de salud asociados con la accesibilidad a la atención odontológica durante el embarazo, se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, en el que se entrevistaron 993 madres en puerperio inmediato que habían sido atendidas en clínicas pública y privadas durante el año 2012. El análisis multivariado de las variables relacionadas con las asistencia a odontología encontró asociación con los recursos económicos (86,6% suficiencia versus 72,5% insuficiencia, OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-2,8), nivel de instrucción (88% secundaria completa versus 74% incompleta, OR = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,7), información dada en el control prenatal sobre salud oral y la visita dental (86,4% si versus 42,9% no, OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,1-10,0). Se evidencia un acceso diferencial entre las gestantes con bajo nivel socioeconómico, quienes asistieron en menor proporción que las gestantes con mejores condiciones de vida.

This paper seeks to determine the prevalence of victims of school bullying among youth enrolled in public secondary schools in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico and to identify the factors associated with being a victim of bullying in the period 2009-2011. An analytic cross-sectional study was carried out. A multistage probability sampling was designed for the public secondary schools, in which 1,706 students between 11 and 16 years old were studied. A questionnare with four sections was applied in order to identify victims of bullying. A logistic regression model was then used to measure the association between the factors analyzed and being a victim of bullying. The prevalence of school bullying was 17.6% (95% CI 15.8; 19.5). Personal factors, such as the feeling of not being accepted by peers or not spending much time with friends, were the factors with the strongest statistically significant association with being a victim of bullying.

Este estudio tiene como objetivos determinar la prevalencia de víctimas de acoso escolar en alumnos de escuelas secundarias públicas de la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara, México, e identificar factores asociados al hecho de ser víctima en el período 2009-2011. Se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal analítico. Se diseñó una muestra probabilística polietápica de escuelas secundarias públicas y se estudiaron 1.706 alumnos entre 11 y 16 años. Se aplicó un instrumento con cuatro apartados que permitió identificar a las víctimas de acoso y se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para medir la asociación entre los factores analizados y el ser víctima de acoso. La prevalencia de acoso escolar fue del 17,6% (IC95% 15,8; 19,5). Factores de carácter personal, como sentir que no es aceptado por el grupo o no pasar mucho tiempo con amigos, fueron los que tuvieron una asociación más fuerte y estadísticamente significativa con el hecho de ser víctima de acoso en la escuela.

This paper seeks to determine the prevalence of victims of school bullying among youth enrolled in public secondary schools in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico and to identify the factors associated with being a victim of bullying in the period 2009-2011. An analytic cross-sectional study was carried out. A multistage probability sampling was designed for the public secondary schools, in which 1,706 students between 11 and 16 years old were studied. A questionnare with four sections was applied in order to identify victims of bullying. A logistic regression model was then used to measure the association between the factors analyzed and being a victim of bullying. The prevalence of school bullying was 17.6% (95% CI 15.8; 19.5). Personal factors, such as the feeling of not being accepted by peers or not spending much time with friends, were the factors with the strongest statistically significant association with being a victim of bullying.

Este estudio tiene como objetivos determinar la prevalencia de víctimas de acoso escolar en alumnos de escuelas secundarias públicas de la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara, México, e identificar factores asociados al hecho de ser víctima en el período 2009-2011. Se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal analítico. Se diseñó una muestra probabilística polietápica de escuelas secundarias públicas y se estudiaron 1.706 alumnos entre 11 y 16 años. Se aplicó un instrumento con cuatro apartados que permitió identificar a las víctimas de acoso y se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para medir la asociación entre los factores analizados y el ser víctima de acoso. La prevalencia de acoso escolar fue del 17,6% (IC95% 15,8; 19,5). Factores de carácter personal, como sentir que no es aceptado por el grupo o no pasar mucho tiempo con amigos, fueron los que tuvieron una asociación más fuerte y estadísticamente significativa con el hecho de ser víctima de acoso en la escuela.

Dentistry is considered a stressful profession, since dentists are exposed to potential stressors during their practice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify chronic stress levels and their association with different risk factors among dentists working at public health institutions in Guadalajara, Mexico. The study was observational, cross-sectional and one of association. The universe of this study was composed of 256 dentists that were obtained by means of a census technique. The instrument used for the analysis carried out in the year 2006 was the Stress Syndrome Inventory, performed with concurrent validation. Information was processed for the analysis, and chronic stress levels were identified with a bivariate analysis. Association strength was measured with OR, and confusion factors were controlled with a multivariate logistic analysis. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that female dentists have a greater risk of developing a high chronic stress level with an adjusted OR of 1.84, meaning that the risk for women is 1.84 times greater than that of men.